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      运算符重载知识点及示例
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        <h3 id="0-自定义类的运算符重载概述-似乎没什么用"><a href="#0-自定义类的运算符重载概述-似乎没什么用" class="headerlink" title="0.自定义类的运算符重载概述(似乎没什么用)"></a>0.自定义类的运算符重载概述(似乎没什么用)</h3><p>C++中预定义的运算符的操作对象只能是基本数据类型。但实际上，对于<br>许多用户自定义类型（例如类），也需要类似的运算操作。这时就必须在<br>C++中重新定义这些运算符，赋予已有运算符新的功能，使它能够用于特<br>定数据类型，这就是运算符重载。运算符重载表现了C++的可扩展性。</p>
<span id="more"></span>
<p>• 运算符函数的定义与其他函数的定义类似，惟一的区别是运算符函数的函<br>数名是由关键字operator和其后要重载的运算符符号构成的。<br>• 运算符重载时要遵循的规则：<br>• （1）除了类属关系运算符“.”、成员指针运算符“.*”、作用域运算符“::”、<br>sizeof运算符和三目运算符“?:”等5种运算符以外，C++中的所有运算符都可<br>以重载。<br>• （2）重载运算符限制在C++语言中已有的运算符范围内的允许重载的运算符<br>之中，不能创建新的运算符。<br>• （3）运算符重载实质上是函数重载，因此编译程序对运算符重载的选择，遵<br>循函数重载的选择原则。<br>• （4）重载之后的运算符不能改变运算符的优先级和结合性，也不能改变运算<br>符操作数的个数及语法结构。<br>• （5）运算符重载不能改变该运算符用于基本数据类型变量的原有含义。它只<br>能和用户自定义类型的对象一起使用，或者用于用户自定义类型的对象和基<br>本数据类型的变量混合使用时。<br>• （6）运算符重载是针对新类型数据的实际需要对原有运算符进行的适当的改<br>造，重载的功能应当与原有功能相类似。<br>• 对于自定义类的运算符重载函数，可以将其定义为类的成员函数，也可以将<br>其定义为类的非成员函数，为了方便，非成员函数一般采用友元函数形式。</p>
<h3 id="1-类成员函数形式的运算符重载"><a href="#1-类成员函数形式的运算符重载" class="headerlink" title="1.类成员函数形式的运算符重载"></a>1.类成员函数形式的运算符重载</h3><p>运算符重载的方法是定义一个重载运算符的函数。运算符函数重载一般有两<br>种形式：重载为类的成员函数和重载为类的非成员函数。</p>
<p>成员函数形式的运算符重载函数定义的一般形式为：</p>
<p>&lt;返回类型说明符&gt; operator&lt;运算符符号&gt;(&lt;参数表&gt;)<br>{<br> &lt;函数体&gt;<br>}</p>
<p>• 当运算符重载为类的成员函数时，函数的参数个数比原来的操作数要少一个<br>（后增、后减单目运算符除外）。因为成员函数用this指针隐式地访问了类的<br>一个对象，它就是运算符函数最左边的操作数。<br>• 调用成员函数运算符的形式如下：<br>• &lt;对象名&gt;&lt;运算符&gt;&lt;参数&gt; • 它等价于：<br>• &lt;对象名&gt;.operator&lt;运算符&gt;(&lt;参数&gt;)</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">// Complex.h</span><br><span class="line">class Complex</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">public:</span><br><span class="line"> Complex();</span><br><span class="line"> Complex(double r,double i);</span><br><span class="line"> Complex operator+(Complex &amp;rc); //重载运算符+，成员重载 </span><br><span class="line"> void Display();</span><br><span class="line">private:</span><br><span class="line"> double m_real;</span><br><span class="line"> double m_imag;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line">• 【例2-17】利用成员运算符重载函数实现两个复数对象的加法计算。</span><br><span class="line">Complex Complex::operator+(Complex &amp;rc)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> Complex c;</span><br><span class="line"> c.m_real=m_real+rc.m_real; </span><br><span class="line"> c.m_imag=m_imag+rc.m_imag; </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">return</span> c;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">void Complex::<span class="function"><span class="title">Display</span></span>()</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> cout&lt;&lt;<span class="string">&quot;(&quot;</span>&lt;&lt;<span class="string">m_real&lt;&lt;&quot;,&quot;&lt;&lt;m_imag</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> &lt;&lt;&quot;i)&quot;&lt;&lt;endl;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">// Complex.cpp</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">#include &quot;Complex.h&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">#include &lt;iostream&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">using namespace std;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">Complex::Complex()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> m_real</span>=0;</span><br><span class="line"> m_imag=0;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">Complex::Complex(double r,double i)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> m_real=r;</span><br><span class="line"> m_imag=i;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">// testComplex.cpp</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#include &lt;iostream&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#include &quot;Complex.h&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line">using namespace std;</span><br><span class="line">int <span class="function"><span class="title">main</span></span>()</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> Complex c1(1,2),c2(3,4),c3;</span><br><span class="line"> c3=c1+c2; //等价于：c3=c1.operator+(c2);</span><br><span class="line"> cout&lt;&lt;<span class="string">&quot;c1=&quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> c1.Display ();</span><br><span class="line"> cout&lt;&lt;<span class="string">&quot;c2=&quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> c2.Display ();</span><br><span class="line"> cout&lt;&lt;<span class="string">&quot;c3=c1+c2=&quot;</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> c3.Display();</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">return</span> 0;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">程序的运行结果为：</span><br><span class="line"> c1=(1,2i)</span><br><span class="line">c2=(3,4i)</span><br><span class="line">c3= c1+c2=(4,6i)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="类友元形式的运算符重载"><a href="#类友元形式的运算符重载" class="headerlink" title="类友元形式的运算符重载"></a>类友元形式的运算符重载</h3><p>由于友元函数可以访问类的私有成员和保护成员，为了方便，类非成员函数<br>形式的运算符重载函数一般采用友元函数。<br>• 运算符重载为类的友元函数，需要在类内进行声明。声明类的友元运算符重<br>载的形式为：<br>• friend &lt;函数类型&gt; operator&lt;运算符&gt;(&lt;参数表&gt;);<br>• 当运算符重载为类的友元函数时，由于没有隐含的this指针，因此操作数的个<br>数没有变化，所有的操作数都必须通过函数的形参进行传递，函数的参数与<br>操作数自左至右一一对应。<br>• 调用友元函数运算符的形式如下：<br>• &lt;参数1&gt;&lt;运算符&gt;&lt;参数2&gt;<br>• 它等价于：<br>• operator &lt;运算符&gt;(&lt;参数1&gt;,&lt;参数2&gt;)<br>• 【例2-18】利用友元运算符重载函数实现两个复数对象的加法计算。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">// Complex.h</span><br><span class="line">class Complex</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">public:</span><br><span class="line"> Complex();</span><br><span class="line"> Complex(double r,double i);</span><br><span class="line"> friend Complex operator+(Complex &amp;rc1,Complex &amp;rc2);</span><br><span class="line"> void Display();</span><br><span class="line">private:</span><br><span class="line"> double m_real;</span><br><span class="line"> double m_imag;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line">// Complex.cpp</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#include &quot;Complex.h&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#include &lt;iostream&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">using namespace std;</span><br><span class="line">Complex::<span class="function"><span class="title">Complex</span></span>()</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> m_real=0;</span><br><span class="line"> m_imag=0;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">Complex::Complex(double r,double i)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> m_real=r;</span><br><span class="line"> m_imag=i;</span><br><span class="line">&#125; </span><br><span class="line">Complex operator+(Complex &amp;rc1,Complex &amp;rc2)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> Complex c;</span><br><span class="line"> c.m_real=rc1.m_real+rc2.m_real; </span><br><span class="line"> c.m_imag=rc1.m_imag+rc2.m_imag; </span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">return</span> c;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">void Complex::<span class="function"><span class="title">Display</span></span>()</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line"> cout&lt;&lt;<span class="string">&quot;(&quot;</span>&lt;&lt;<span class="string">m_real&lt;&lt;&quot;,&quot;&lt;&lt;m_imag</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> &lt;&lt;&quot;i)&quot;&lt;&lt;endl;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">// testComplex.cpp</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">#include &quot;Complex.h&quot;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">#include&lt;iostream&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">using namespace std;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">int main()</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&#123;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> Complex c1(1,2),c2(3,4),c3;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> c3=c1+c2; //等价于：c3= operator+(c1，c2);</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> cout&lt;&lt;&quot;c1=&quot;;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> c1.Display ();</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> cout&lt;&lt;&quot;c2=&quot;;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> c2.Display ();</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> cout&lt;&lt;&quot;c3=c1+c2=&quot;;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> c3.Display();</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> return 0;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">&#125;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>• 在多数情况下，将运算符重载为类的成员函数和类的友元函数都是可以的，<br>采用何种形式，可参考下面的规则：<br>• （1）一般情况下，单目运算符最好重载为类的成员函数；双目运算符则最<br>好重载为类的友元函数。<br>• （2）以下一些双目运算符只能重载为类的成员函数：&#x3D;、()、[]、-&gt;。 • （3）若一个运算符的操作需要修改对象的状态，选择重载为成员函数较好。<br>• （4）运算符所需的操作数（尤其是第一个操作数）希望有隐式类型转换，<br>则只能选用友元函数。<br>• （5）当运算符函数是一个成员函数时，最左边的操作数（或者只有最左边<br>的操作数）必须是运算符类的一个类对象（或者是对该类对象的引用）。如<br>果左边的操作数必须是一个不同类的对象，或者是一个内部类型的对象，该<br>运算符函数只能作为一个友元函数来实现。<br>• （6）当需要重载运算符具有可交换性时，选择重载为友元函数</p>

      
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